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Realistically representing our three-dimensional world has been the subject of many (philosophical) discussions since ancient times. While the recognition of the globular shape of the Earth goes back to Pythagoras’ statements of the sixth century B. C. , the two-dimensional, circular depiction of the Earth’s surface has remained prevailing and also dominated the art of painting until the late Middle Ages. Given the immature technological means, objects on the Earth’s surface were often represented in academic and technical disciplines by two-dimensional cross-sections oriented along combinations of three mutually perpendicular directions. As soon as computer science evolved, scientists have steadily been improving the three-dimensional representation of the Earth and developed techniques to analyze the many natural processes and phenomena taking part on its surface. Both computer aided design (CAD) and geographical information systems (GIS) have been developed in parallel during the last three decades. While the former concentrates more on the detailed design of geometric models of object shapes, the latter emphasizes the topological relationships between geographical objects and analysis of spatial patterns. Nonetheless, this distinction has become increasingly blurred and both approaches have been integrated into commercial software packages. In recent years, an active line of inquiry has emerged along the junctures of CAD and GIS, viz. 3D geoinformation science. Studies along this line have recently made significant inroads in terms of 3D modeling and data acquisition.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geophysics --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geofysica

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CEOS was established under the auspices of the Economic Summit of Industrialized Nations in 1984 in response to a recommendation from a panel of experts in remote sensing within the Working Group on Growth, Technology and Employment (CEOS, 2009). The panel recognized the collective value of the world’s Earth remote sensing capabilities and the advantages that would be gained by the coordination of civil Earth observing satellite missions. By cooperating in mission planning and the development of compatible data products, applications, services and policies, the national space programs would maximize the bene?ts of their individual inve- ments and be able to better address the environmental challenges of the entire international community. CEOS was to serve as the focal point for this inter- tional coordination and to provide the forum for the change of policy and technical information. The members of CEOS are governmental organizations that are international or national in nature and are responsible for a civil space-borne Earth observation program that is currently in operation or in an advanced stage of system devel- ment. CEOS also has established Associate Members that are similar governmental organizations with a civil space-segment activity in an early stage of system dev- opment or those with a signi?cant ground-segment activity that supports CEOS objectives. Associate Members may also be existing satellite coordination group and scienti?c or governmental bodies that are international in nature and have a signi?cant programmatic activity that likewise is aligned with the goals of CEOS.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geografie --- geologie --- aarde (astronomie)

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This book was compiled from those contributions given at the 7th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, May 4-8, 2009, Berlin (IAA – International Academy of Astronautics) which are representative for the new developments and trends in the area of small satellites for Earth observation. They reflect the potentials of a diversity of missions and related technologies. They may be based on national projects or international co-operations, single satellites of constellations, pico-, nano-, micro- or mini-satellites, developed by companies, research institutions or agencies. The main focus is on new missions to monitor our Earth’s resources (chapter 1), and the environment in which our Earth is embedded (chapter 2). Chapter 3 deals with distributed space systems, the unique feature of small satellites. The university satellites chapter (chapter 4) shows the high quality which is already reached by some of the universities worldwide. Chapter 5 gives insight into new developments in the fields of instruments and technologies. The last two chapters (chapters 6, 7) deal with subjects, necessary to make use of the data coming from the satellite systems: attitude and position.

Space research --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Astronomy --- Applied physical engineering --- Air traffic --- fotogrammetrie --- astronauten --- engineering --- luchtvaart --- ruimtevaart --- sensoren

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Digital airborne cameras are now penetrating the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing. Due to the last decade’s results in research and development in the fields of for instance detector technology, computing power, memory capacity position and orientation measurement it is now possible with this new generation of airborne cameras to generate different sets of geometric and spectral data with high geometric and radiometric resolutions within a single flight. This is a decisive advantage as compared to film based airborne cameras. The linear characteristic of the opto-electronic converters is the basis for the transition from an imaging camera to an images generating measuring instrument. Because of the direct digital processing chain from the airborne camera to the data products there is no need for the processes of chemical film development and digitising the film information. Failure sources as well as investments and staff costs are avoided. But the effective use of this new technology requires the knowledge of the features of the image and information generation, its possibilities and its restrictions. This book describes all components of a digital airborne camera from the object to be imaged to the mass memory device. So the image quality influencing processes in the nature are described, as for instance the reflection of the electromagnetic sun spectrum at the objects to be imaged and the influence of the atmosphere. Also, the essential features of the new digital sensor system, their characteristics and parameters, are addressed and put into the system context. The complexity of the cooperation of all camera components, as for instance optics, filters, detector elements, analogue and digital electronics, software and so forth, becomes transparent. The book includes also the description of an example system. Audience: This book will be of interest to managers, operators, data users dealing with the new digital airborne cameras; students in the fields of photogrammetry and remote sensing.

Space research --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Optics. Quantum optics --- Electronics --- Geography --- geodesie --- fotogrammetrie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- photonics --- lasers (technologie) --- sensoren --- optica

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As climate change takes hold, there is an ever-growing need to develop and apply strategies that optimize the use of natural resources, both on land and in water. This book covers a huge range of strategies that can be applied to various sectors, from forests to flood control. Its aim, as with resource management itself, is to combine economics, policy and science to help rehabilitate and preserve our natural resources. Beginning with papers on carbon sequestration, including the practice of artificial desertification, the topics move on to cover the use of distributed modeling and neural networks in estimating water availability and distribution. Further chapters look at uncertainty analysis applied to the spatial variation of hydrologic resources, and finally the book covers attempts at estimating meteorological parameters in the context of hydrological variables such as evapo-transpiration from stream flow. Within the next decade, the effects of climate change will be severe, and felt by ordinary human beings. This book proposes a raft of measures that can mitigate, if not reverse, the impact of global warming on the resources we have all come to depend on. Key themes: climate change, water availability, neuro-genetic models, carbon sequestration, biomass carbon, remote sensing, distributed hydrologic simulation Bipal Jana is Senior Research Fellow in the School of Water Resources Engineering. He has more than 17 years of experience in the fields of environmental engineering and management. He has completed his bachelor and master degrees in Science at Calcutta University and MBA (P G D Environmental Management) at the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management(IISWBM). He has authored over 10 papers in national and international publications. Mrinmoy Majumder is Senior Research Fellow in the School of Water Resources Engineering. He has obtained his bachelor in Electrical Engineering from Utkal University and his master degree in Water Resources from Jadavpur University. He is the author of 2 books and more than 10 publications in national and international journals.

Space research --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Geography --- hydrologie --- geodesie --- fotogrammetrie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- sensoren --- klimaatverandering --- broeikaseffect